A cross-country interactive guide to public education's policy change levers. Click below to discover and compare these levers in each of Canada's public education systems.
For additional information, key facts, and an outline of how K–12 education operates in Canada, please visit this resource from the Council of Ministers of Education, Canada.
PFE's Canadian Education Blueprints
Please select a province/territory or policy change lever to begin.
This section details quick, high-level stats in this province/territory.
Alberta
This section details quick, high-level stats in this province/territory.
Total K-12 schools: 2,060 public schools (public, separate, and francophone schools); 58 publicly funded charter schools1
Student Enrolment: 738,660 students attend public, separate, and francophone schools; 15,400 students attend charter schools (2024-25)2
Educators: 35,736 teachers across public, separate, and francophone school authorities (2024-25)3
French Language Schools: 49 K-12 schools, 9,839 students (2024-25)4
Indigenous Students: 60,225 Indigenous students attending public schools…
Read moreBritish Columbia
This section details quick, high-level stats in this province/territory.
Total K-12 schools: 1,586 public schools; 364 independent schools (2022-23)1
Student Enrolment: 577,024 students in public schools (2022-23)2
Educators: 37,000 full-time equivalent teachers (2022-23)3
French Language Schools: 47 schools, 6,269 students (2022-23)4
Indigenous Students: 74,365 Indigenous students in public and independent schools (2022-23)5; 4,849 students attending First Nation-run schools (2021-22)6
K-12 Education Budget: $9,827,605,000 budget for Ministry of Education and Child…
Read moreManitoba
This section details quick, high-level stats in this province/territory.
Total K-12 schools: 696 public schools (2025)1
Student Enrolment: 198,589 students in public schools (2025)2
Educators: 13,903 teachers (2025-26)3
French Language Schools: 26 schools, 6,447 students (2025-26)4
Indigenous Students:
- 40,497 Indigenous students attending public schools (2023-24)5 [Unclear whether Statistics Canada total includes students attending division-administered First Nations schools or Manitoba First Nations School System]
- 3,887 First Nations students attending 11…
New Brunswick
This section details quick, high-level stats in this province/territory.
Total K-12 schools: 296 public schools (2024-25)1
Student Enrolment: 108,863 students in public schools (2024-25)2
Educators: 8,184.5 full-time equivalent classroom teachers (2024-25)3
French Language Schools: 90 schools, 31,294 students (2024-25)4
Indigenous Students: no data located on Indigenous students attending public schools5; no data located on enrolment in First Nations schools (total of seven band-funded K-12 schools in N.B.)6
K-12 Education Budget: $2,111,300,000 budget for Department of…
Read moreNewfoundland & Labrador
This section details quick, high-level stats in this province/territory.
Total K-12 schools: 255 public schools (2024-25)1
Student Enrolment: 63,845 students in public schools (2024-25)2
Educators: 5,270 full-time equivalent teachers (2024-25)3
French Language Schools: 6 schools, 395 students (2024-25)4
Indigenous Students: 4,560 Indigenous students attending public schools (2023-24)5; ~980 students attending total of three Indigenous schools6
K-12 Education Budget: $1,391,393,400 budget for Department of Education, with $27,865,300 budgeted for K-12 education (2025-26)7
…
Read moreNorthwest Territories
This section details quick, high-level stats in this province/territory.
Total K-12 schools: 49 public schools (2024-25)1
Student Enrolment: 7,214 students in public schools (2023-24)2
Educators: 1,428 educators, including teachers, school administrators, and support staff (2023-24)3; Northwest Territories Teachers’ Association estimates ~950 working teachers in the Northwest Territories (n.d.)4
French Language Schools: 2 schools, 279 students5
Indigenous Students: 4,553 Indigenous students attending public schools (2023-24)6
K-12 Education Budget: $403,245,000 budget…
Read moreNova Scotia
This section details quick, high-level stats in this province/territory.
Total K-12 schools: 367 public schools (2024-25)1
Student Enrolment: 133,752 students in public schools (2025-26)2
Educators: 9,456.5 full-time equivalent teachers (most recent official data on FTE teachers from 2018-19)3
French Language Schools: 23 schools, 6,976 students (2025-26)4
Indigenous Students: 7,782 Indigenous students attending public schools (2023-24)5; ~3,000 K-12 students attending First Nations schools (2019)6
K-12 Education Budget: $2,225,951,000 budget for Department of Education…
Read moreNunavut
This section details quick, high-level stats in this province/territory.
Total K-12 schools: 45 publicly funded schools (2023-24)1
Student Enrolment: 10,852 students in public schools (2023-24)2
Educators: 738 teachers (2023-24)3
French Language Schools: 1 school; 92 students4
Indigenous Students: 10,317 Indigenous students attending public schools (2023-24)5
K-12 Education Budget: $345,595,000 budget for Department of Education, with $214,183,000 budgeted for school operations (2025-26)6
Funding for Private/Independent Schools: No public funding for private schools. No…
Read moreOntario
This section details quick, high-level stats in this province/territory.
Total K-12 Schools: 4,861 public schools (2024-25)1
Student Enrolment: 2,095,193 students in public schools (2024-25)2
Educators: 128,430 full-time equivalent teachers (2024-25)3
French Language Schools: 389 schools, 112,500 students (2023-24)4
Indigenous Students: 57,072 Indigenous students attending public schools (2023-24)5; no data located on enrolment in First Nations schools
K-12 Education Budget: $42,720,400,000 budget for Ministry of Education, with $30.3 billion budgeted for core education…
Read morePrince Edward Island
This section details quick, high-level stats in this province/territory.
Total K-12 schools: 62 public schools (n.d.)1
Student Enrolment: 22,080 students in public schools (2024-25)2
Educators: 1,593 FTE educators (2023-24)3
French Language Schools: 6 schools; 1,256 students4
Indigenous Students: 549 Indigenous students attending public schools (2023-24)5; approximately 50 students attending the single First Nations school in PEI6
K-12 Education Budget: $117,259,700 budget for Department of Education and Early Years (excluding PSB and CSLF), with $322,197,100 budgeted…
Read moreQuebec
This section details quick, high-level stats in this province/territory.
Total K-11 schools: 2,774 public schools (2024-25)1
Student Enrolment: 1,051,971 students in public schools (2024-25)2
Educators: 96,816 teachers (2024-25)3
French Language Schools: 2,231 schools, 966,041 students across French school service centres4
Indigenous Students: 1,814 Indigenous students attending public and private schools (2021-22); 14,986 Indigenous students attend community-based First Nations schools5
K-11 Education Budget: $23,393,428,300 budget for Ministry of Education, with…
Read moreSaskatchewan
This section details quick, high-level stats in this province/territory.
Total K-12 schools: 755 public schools (2024-25)1
Student Enrolment: 200,066 students in public schools (2024-25)2
Educators: ~9,669 K-12 regular classroom teachers (2024-25)3
French Language Schools: 16 schools, 2,120 students4
Indigenous Students: 36,348 Indigenous students attending public schools (2023-24)5; no data located on enrolment in First Nations schools
K-12 Education Budget: $3,508,246,000 budget for Ministry of Education, with $2.4 billion budgeted for K-12 school division operating…
Read moreYukon
This section details quick, high-level stats in this province/territory.
Total K-12 schools: 32 public schools (2025-26)1
Student Enrolment: 6,227 students in public schools (2025-26)2
Educators: 561 full-time educators (2023-24; includes teachers, school administrators, and pedagogical support personnel)3
French Language Schools: 4 schools, 413 students (2025-26; student count does not include enrolment at the Ecole Nomade homeschooling program)4
Indigenous Students: 3,328 Indigenous students attending public schools (2023-24; self-identification as Yukon First Nation…
Read moreVision sets long-term direction and system-wide priorities. It helps guide decision-making across all other policy levers by articulating shared goals, values, and targets at a high level.
Alberta
Vision sets long-term direction and system-wide priorities. It helps guide decision-making across all other policy levers by articulating shared goals, values, and targets at a high level.
Vision: “Students will gain the skills, knowledge, and competencies they need to live fulfilling lives and make meaningful contributions to their communities and the world. Alberta Education’s objective is to deliver a world-class education for every student while expanding choice in education. Expanding parent and student options in Alberta’s public, separate, francophone, charter, independent, early childhood and home education systems will ensure parents and caregivers have a host of…
Read moreBritish Columbia
Vision sets long-term direction and system-wide priorities. It helps guide decision-making across all other policy levers by articulating shared goals, values, and targets at a high level.
Vision: “…the purpose of the British Columbia school system is to enable learners to develop their individual potential and to acquire the knowledge, skills, and attitudes needed to contribute to a healthy society and a prosperous and sustainable economy.”9
Overarching Policy Framework: B.C.’s policy for student success focuses on three overarching goals of education that foster “Educated Citizens”: intellectual development; human and social development; and career development. The…
Read moreManitoba
Vision sets long-term direction and system-wide priorities. It helps guide decision-making across all other policy levers by articulating shared goals, values, and targets at a high level.
Vision: “From every part of Manitoba, from every background, all children and youth matter, belong, are respected, successful, and safe.”
Overarching Policy Framework: Manitoba’s K to 12 Education Action Plan provides a 5-year roadmap for improving public education in the province. The Action Plan focuses on four pillars to achieve student success: high-quality learning; student engagement and well-being; excellence in teaching and leadership; and responsive systems. It includes a revised…
Read moreNew Brunswick
Vision sets long-term direction and system-wide priorities. It helps guide decision-making across all other policy levers by articulating shared goals, values, and targets at a high level.
Vision: “The mission for New Brunswick public schools is to have each student develop the attributes needed to be a lifelong learner, to achieve personal fulfillment and to contribute to a productive, just and democratic society.”8
Overarching Policy Framework: New Brunswick’s 12-year education plans (2026-2038) – Strong Basics, Bright Futures (Anglophone sector) and Together for Success! (Francophone sector) – set priorities and transformation objectives for the education system,…
Read moreNewfoundland & Labrador
Vision sets long-term direction and system-wide priorities. It helps guide decision-making across all other policy levers by articulating shared goals, values, and targets at a high level.
Vision: “Effective and modern learning environments that foster inclusive and healthy communities for all learners in the province.”8
Overarching Policy Framework: Newfoundland and Labrador’s 2017 report Now is the Time: The Next Chapter in Education in Newfoundland and Labrador outlines recommendations for improving educational outcomes across nine focus areas including: inclusive education; mental health; numeracy and literacy; Indigenous education; career and co-op education; and…
Read moreNorthwest Territories
Vision sets long-term direction and system-wide priorities. It helps guide decision-making across all other policy levers by articulating shared goals, values, and targets at a high level.
Vision: The mission of the Department of Education, Culture and Employment (ECE) is “to invest in and provide for the development of the people of the Northwest Territories, enabling them to reach their full potential, to lead fulfilled lives and to contribute to a strong and prosperous society.”8
Overarching Policy Framework: The NWT’s Education Renewal Framework is a 10-year initiative to review and renew the K-12 education system. The framework centers on nine major commitments that…
Read moreNova Scotia
Vision sets long-term direction and system-wide priorities. It helps guide decision-making across all other policy levers by articulating shared goals, values, and targets at a high level.
Vision: “Supporting Student Success in Inclusive, Culturally and Linguistically Responsive, Equitable and Healthy Communities”9
Overarching Policy Framework: Nova Scotia’s education system focuses on an overarching goal of supporting student success within and beyond education. Nova Scotia’s 2015 Action Plan sets out key priorities for improving the education system, including a focus on increasing literacy and numeracy achievement and career readiness; improving student behaviour;…
Read moreNunavut
Vision sets long-term direction and system-wide priorities. It helps guide decision-making across all other policy levers by articulating shared goals, values, and targets at a high level.
Vision: “Our vision is to have more well-educated and self-reliant Nunavummiut. We aim for our high school graduation rates to be on par with the rest of Canada and for the majority of Nunavut youth to graduate from high school, college or university, and with the same level of skills, knowledge and abilities as graduates from anywhere in Canada. We foresee more Nunavummiut employed as skilled professionals and tradespersons working in the public sector, the mining and fishing industry and…
Read moreOntario
Vision sets long-term direction and system-wide priorities. It helps guide decision-making across all other policy levers by articulating shared goals, values, and targets at a high level.
Vision: “The Ministry of Education is responsible for delivering a world-class, high-quality publicly funded education system from Kindergarten to Grade 12, and for the oversight of Ontario’s child care and early years system. The ministry is committed to ensuring Ontario remains a leading education system, both in English and French, that focuses on foundational skills like reading, writing and math.”8
Overarching Policy Framework: Ontario’s most recent strategic plan for K-12 public…
Read morePrince Edward Island
Vision sets long-term direction and system-wide priorities. It helps guide decision-making across all other policy levers by articulating shared goals, values, and targets at a high level.
Vision: “Everyone thrives, achieves, and succeeds as contributing members of the community.”8
Overarching Policy Framework: PEI’s most recent Annual Report (2023-24) outlines overarching priorities for the K-12 public education system including: reviewing education programs to enable student achievement; achieving equitable and inclusive education for students with complex needs; promoting data-driven decision-making to align education with rapid technological and societal change; and…
Read moreQuebec
Vision sets long-term direction and system-wide priorities. It helps guide decision-making across all other policy levers by articulating shared goals, values, and targets at a high level.
Vision: “Basée sur ces valeurs et ces principes d’action et de gouvernance, la mission du Ministère et du réseau ne pourrait pas être réalisée si toutes et tous ne regardaient pas, ensemble, dans la même direction. La réussite des élèves et l’engagement d’offrir des milieux de vie propices à la pratique régulière d’activités physiques, sportives, de loisir et de plein air, sains et respectueux, sont les raisons d’être du Ministère et de tout le réseau : c’est ce…
Read moreSaskatchewan
Vision sets long-term direction and system-wide priorities. It helps guide decision-making across all other policy levers by articulating shared goals, values, and targets at a high level.
Vision: The focus of Saskatchewan’s Provincial Education Plan 2030 “…is to support students in learning what they need for their future, to ensure students feel safe and supported.”9
Overarching Policy Framework: Saskatchewan’s education system is guided by the Provincial Education Plan 2030 (implemented starting in 2023-24), which establishes four priority actions: learning and assessment; Indigenous education; mental health & well-being; and student transitions. The plan aims to…
Read moreYukon
Vision sets long-term direction and system-wide priorities. It helps guide decision-making across all other policy levers by articulating shared goals, values, and targets at a high level.
Vision: “Under the Education Act, the Department of Education is responsible for delivering accessible and quality education to Yukon learners. We work closely with our partners in education, including Yukon First Nations, and school communities to develop and improve our programs and practices.”8
Overarching Policy Framework: Yukon’s Integrated Outcome Strategy for Yukon Learners (2025-2035) is a 10-year strategy for the public education system. Developed in collaboration with Yukon First…
Read moreGovernance defines authority, roles, and decision-making processes within the education system. By determining who holds responsibility at provincial/territorial, district, and school levels, governance shapes system goals, ways of operating, monitoring mechanisms, and responsiveness to community needs.
Alberta
Governance defines authority, roles, and decision-making processes within the education system. By determining who holds responsibility at provincial/territorial, district, and school levels, governance shapes system goals, ways of operating, monitoring mechanisms, and responsiveness to community needs.
Governance Overview
In Alberta, school boards manage K-12 schools within defined geographic regions (school authorities), led by 5-10 locally elected trustees (four-year term) accountable to their communities, parents, and Alberta Education and Childcare for their decisions. Board authority is rooted in the Education Act, which delegates governance powers to school boards, and the Local Authorities Election Act, which regulates trustee elections. In Alberta, school boards are considered…
Read moreBritish Columbia
Governance defines authority, roles, and decision-making processes within the education system. By determining who holds responsibility at provincial/territorial, district, and school levels, governance shapes system goals, ways of operating, monitoring mechanisms, and responsiveness to community needs.
Governance Overview
In British Columbia, boards of education manage K-12 schools within a defined school district. Boards are led by school trustees (elected every four years), who appoint a superintendent and other senior administrators responsible for operating schools within their specified area. Responsibilities include setting school policies, budgeting, hiring staff, establishing councils and committees, and selecting educational resource materials.11
Number of Districts/Boards: 60 school…
Read moreManitoba
Governance defines authority, roles, and decision-making processes within the education system. By determining who holds responsibility at provincial/territorial, district, and school levels, governance shapes system goals, ways of operating, monitoring mechanisms, and responsiveness to community needs.
Governance Overview
In Manitoba, school boards manage K-12 public schools within defined geographic regions (i.e. divisions or districts). Boards consist of elected trustees (elected every four years) who are responsible for setting strategic plans and policies; determining annual budgets; and setting broad direction for establishment of local programming, supports, and services tailored to community needs and requirements. Boards appoint a superintendent who is responsible for the…
Read moreNew Brunswick
Governance defines authority, roles, and decision-making processes within the education system. By determining who holds responsibility at provincial/territorial, district, and school levels, governance shapes system goals, ways of operating, monitoring mechanisms, and responsiveness to community needs.
Governance Overview
In New Brunswick, the education system is organized into two distinct education sectors – Anglophone and Francophone. Both Anglophone and Francophone school districts manage K-12 public schools within defined geographic regions.9 Each district is governed by a District Education Council (DEC) with elected education councillors (four year terms), including one student councillor appointed by the Minister, and one councillor of a Mi’kmaq or Wolastoqey First Nation also…
Read moreNewfoundland & Labrador
Governance defines authority, roles, and decision-making processes within the education system. By determining who holds responsibility at provincial/territorial, district, and school levels, governance shapes system goals, ways of operating, monitoring mechanisms, and responsiveness to community needs.
Governance Overview
Newfoundland and Labrador’s K-12 public education system operates under two distinct structures. English-language schools are operated directly by the Department of Education through NLSchools following the 2024 integration of the former Newfoundland and Labrador English School District. NLSchools operates four regional offices, with daily school operations, teacher hiring and allocation, and school transportation remaining the same as the former district model.11 The…
Read moreNorthwest Territories
Governance defines authority, roles, and decision-making processes within the education system. By determining who holds responsibility at provincial/territorial, district, and school levels, governance shapes system goals, ways of operating, monitoring mechanisms, and responsiveness to community needs.
Governance Overview
In the Northwest Territories (NWT), public education is governed through a two-tiered system of education bodies. At the community level, District Education Authorities (DEAs) are made up of 5-7 elected members that oversee how local schools operate on their community’s behalf, including establishing local goals and policies, managing local budgets, and advising the superintendent on hiring decisions. At the regional level, Divisional Education Councils (DECs) are…
Read moreNova Scotia
Governance defines authority, roles, and decision-making processes within the education system. By determining who holds responsibility at provincial/territorial, district, and school levels, governance shapes system goals, ways of operating, monitoring mechanisms, and responsiveness to community needs.
Governance Overview
In Nova Scotia, K-12 schools are managed by seven Regional Centres for Education (RCEs; English schools) and the Conseil scolaire acadien provincial (CSAP; French schools).
Following the 2018 Education Reform Act, elected English school boards were dissolved and replaced with the RCEs led by a regional executive director appointed by the Minister of Education and Early Childhood Development. Each RCE is responsible for operating schools within their defined geographic region,…
Read moreNunavut
Governance defines authority, roles, and decision-making processes within the education system. By determining who holds responsibility at provincial/territorial, district, and school levels, governance shapes system goals, ways of operating, monitoring mechanisms, and responsiveness to community needs.
Governance Overview
In Nunavut, District Education Authorities (DEAs) manage K-12 public schools within local communities. DEAs are each led by seven locally elected members (4-year term), plus an Elder that may be appointed to a DEA. DEAs work with Regional School Operations (RSO) teams (overseen by the Department of Education) to manage schools under their jurisdiction. DEA responsibilities include developing school improvement plans; reporting on attendance; establishing an operating budget;…
Read moreOntario
Governance defines authority, roles, and decision-making processes within the education system. By determining who holds responsibility at provincial/territorial, district, and school levels, governance shapes system goals, ways of operating, monitoring mechanisms, and responsiveness to community needs.
Governance Overview
In Ontario, district school boards manage K-12 schools within a defined geographic region, which are led by elected trustees, a Chief Executive Officer overseeing the board’s finances and operations, a Chief Education Officer (either hired by the Chief Executive Officer or the Chief Executive Office themself) responsible for student achievement and pedagogy, and superintendents.54 Boards are responsible for operating schools in their assigned region, including setting…
Read morePrince Edward Island
Governance defines authority, roles, and decision-making processes within the education system. By determining who holds responsibility at provincial/territorial, district, and school levels, governance shapes system goals, ways of operating, monitoring mechanisms, and responsiveness to community needs.
Governance Overview
In PEI, K-12 schools are managed by two education authorities – the Public Schools Branch (PSB; English schools) and the Commission scolaire de la langue française (CSLF; French schools).11 The PSB operates under a hybrid governance model with a board of trustees consisting of eight elected trustees and three appointed members (one Mi’kmaq representative appointed by the Assembly of Councils and two members at large appointed by Engage PEI).12 The CSLF is governed by…
Read moreQuebec
Governance defines authority, roles, and decision-making processes within the education system. By determining who holds responsibility at provincial/territorial, district, and school levels, governance shapes system goals, ways of operating, monitoring mechanisms, and responsiveness to community needs.
Governance Overview
In Québec, school service centres (French schools) and school boards (English schools) manage K-11 public schools within their defined territories. School service centres are governed by a board of directors made up of 15 members including parents, community members, and school staff. The Government is responsible for setting terms and conditions for the designation of members of the board of directors for French school service centres.10 English-language school boards…
Read moreSaskatchewan
Governance defines authority, roles, and decision-making processes within the education system. By determining who holds responsibility at provincial/territorial, district, and school levels, governance shapes system goals, ways of operating, monitoring mechanisms, and responsiveness to community needs.
Governance Overview
In Saskatchewan, boards of education manage K-12 schools within defined school divisions. Boards are led by elected members, who appoint a Director to administer schools within their division. Board responsibilities include setting and implementing division policies; budgeting; hiring school staff; selecting Ministry-approved curriculum resources; and establishing school community councils.11
Number of Districts/Boards: 27 school divisions (18 public; 8 separate; 1 francophone)…
Read moreYukon
Governance defines authority, roles, and decision-making processes within the education system. By determining who holds responsibility at provincial/territorial, district, and school levels, governance shapes system goals, ways of operating, monitoring mechanisms, and responsiveness to community needs.
Governance Overview
There are two school boards in the Yukon, the Commission scolaire francophone du Yukon (CSFY) and the First Nation School Board (FNSB); each governed by five trustees elected for three-year terms. Both boards have territory-wide jurisdiction, managing schools throughout Yukon. Boards are responsible for operating schools under their jurisdiction including setting policies; budgeting; hiring staff; establishing parent advisory groups; arranging professional development for…
Read moreFunding determines how resources are substantially allocated and distributed, signalling priorities in the public education system. Sources of funding, allocation formulas, and eligibility are all important considerations that determine which and how students, schools, and programs receive support. Properly designed funding formulas ensure educational quality, efficiency and equity.
Alberta
Funding determines how resources are substantially allocated and distributed, signalling priorities in the public education system. Sources of funding, allocation formulas, and eligibility are all important considerations that determine which and how students, schools, and programs receive support. Properly designed funding formulas ensure educational quality, efficiency and equity.
Provincial/Territorial Funding Model
Funding Source: Combination of provincial general revenues and education property taxes16
Property Tax Role: The province sets education property tax rates and municipalities collect these taxes from all property owners based on their assessment value. Education property taxes are pooled into the Alberta School Foundation Fund (ASFF). Funds from the ASFF are then allocated to public school boards on an equal per-student basis. Alberta’s separate school…
Read moreBritish Columbia
Funding determines how resources are substantially allocated and distributed, signalling priorities in the public education system. Sources of funding, allocation formulas, and eligibility are all important considerations that determine which and how students, schools, and programs receive support. Properly designed funding formulas ensure educational quality, efficiency and equity.
Provincial/Territorial Funding Model
Funding Source: Combination of school taxes and provincial public education grants16
Property Tax Role: The province sets a residential and non-residential school tax rate for each school district; school taxes are collected by municipalities and transferred to the provincial government which redistributes funds to boards of education.17
Funding Formula: B.C. uses a largely student-based funding formula, where the majority of funding is allocated to boards of…
Read moreManitoba
Funding determines how resources are substantially allocated and distributed, signalling priorities in the public education system. Sources of funding, allocation formulas, and eligibility are all important considerations that determine which and how students, schools, and programs receive support. Properly designed funding formulas ensure educational quality, efficiency and equity.
Provincial/Territorial Funding Model
Funding Source: Combination of direct provincial funding, property taxes (special levy), federal investments, and other revenues13
Property Tax Role: Each year, the Minister determines the amounts to be collected for school divisions through the special levy. A minimum of 40% of a school division’s special requirement (difference between budgeted expenses and provincial support) must be raised through the special levy. The special levy mill rates vary across…
Read moreNew Brunswick
Funding determines how resources are substantially allocated and distributed, signalling priorities in the public education system. Sources of funding, allocation formulas, and eligibility are all important considerations that determine which and how students, schools, and programs receive support. Properly designed funding formulas ensure educational quality, efficiency and equity.
Provincial/Territorial Funding Model
Funding Source: Direct provincial funding16
Property Tax Role: No data located on property tax contributions for education; funds for education remitted directly from province to districts
Funding Formula: There is limited publicly available data on New Brunswick’s funding formula for education; however, education funds for school districts are allocated across four categories of expenditures: district office; educational services; facilities; and pupil…
Read moreNewfoundland & Labrador
Funding determines how resources are substantially allocated and distributed, signalling priorities in the public education system. Sources of funding, allocation formulas, and eligibility are all important considerations that determine which and how students, schools, and programs receive support. Properly designed funding formulas ensure educational quality, efficiency and equity.
Provincial/Territorial Funding Model
Funding Source: Direct funding from provincial government
Property Tax Role: No data on property tax allocation for public education in Newfoundland and Labrador
Funding Formula: There is limited public data on Newfoundland and Labrador’s funding formula for public education. The 2025 provincial budget outlines how funding for K-12 public education falls largely across two funding blocks. The K to Grade 12 Education funding block includes curriculum…
Read moreNorthwest Territories
Funding determines how resources are substantially allocated and distributed, signalling priorities in the public education system. Sources of funding, allocation formulas, and eligibility are all important considerations that determine which and how students, schools, and programs receive support. Properly designed funding formulas ensure educational quality, efficiency and equity.
Provincial/Territorial Funding Model
Funding Source: Combination of direct territorial government funding and some local property taxation
Property Tax Role: The Government of the Northwest Territories (GNWT) collects education property taxes throughout the territory, but only the two Yellowknife District Education Authorities (DEAs) collect and receive local property tax revenues directly. For all other education bodies, the GNWT collects taxes and provides 100% of the funding needed for…
Read moreNova Scotia
Funding determines how resources are substantially allocated and distributed, signalling priorities in the public education system. Sources of funding, allocation formulas, and eligibility are all important considerations that determine which and how students, schools, and programs receive support. Properly designed funding formulas ensure educational quality, efficiency and equity.
Provincial/Territorial Funding Model
Funding Source: Combination of education property taxes collected by municipalities and transferred to the Regional Centres of Education (RCEs) and the Conseil scolaire acadien provincial (CSAP),11 and grants directly from the province12
Property Tax Role: The province sets an annual rate for the Mandatory Provincial Education Tax Contribution to be collected by municipalities on behalf of the province. Municipalities collect this from property owners and…
Read moreNunavut
Funding determines how resources are substantially allocated and distributed, signalling priorities in the public education system. Sources of funding, allocation formulas, and eligibility are all important considerations that determine which and how students, schools, and programs receive support. Properly designed funding formulas ensure educational quality, efficiency and equity.
Provincial/Territorial Funding Model
Funding Source: Direct funding from the territory14
Property Tax Role: No property tax contribution to the public education system. Nunavut’s Property Assessment and Taxation Act indicates that the Minister must set an education mill rate; however, Nunavut’s list of 2025 mill rates indicate a rate of 0.15 The City of Iqaluit sets its own property tax rates, but no data was located on whether there is a rate for education.16
Funding Formula: The territorial…
Read moreOntario
Funding determines how resources are substantially allocated and distributed, signalling priorities in the public education system. Sources of funding, allocation formulas, and eligibility are all important considerations that determine which and how students, schools, and programs receive support. Properly designed funding formulas ensure educational quality, efficiency and equity.
Provincial/Territorial Funding Model
Funding Source: Combination of education property taxes collected by municipalities on behalf of the province, plus provincial grants to top-up to guaranteed funding amount14
Property Tax Role: The province sets a uniform education property tax rate, then municipalities are responsible for collecting this from property owners and remitting it directly to school boards. The province provides any remaining funding to boards through top-up grants.15
Funding…
Read morePrince Edward Island
Funding determines how resources are substantially allocated and distributed, signalling priorities in the public education system. Sources of funding, allocation formulas, and eligibility are all important considerations that determine which and how students, schools, and programs receive support. Properly designed funding formulas ensure educational quality, efficiency and equity.
Provincial/Territorial Funding Model
Funding Source: Direct funding from the provincial government to education authorities18
Property Tax Role: No data on property tax allocation for public education in PEI
Funding Formula: PEI’s public education authorities are funded through the Education Authority Staffing and Funding Program, which aims to “create equal access to basic educational services.” The funding formula is primarily based on student enrolment and corresponding staffing…
Read moreQuebec
Funding determines how resources are substantially allocated and distributed, signalling priorities in the public education system. Sources of funding, allocation formulas, and eligibility are all important considerations that determine which and how students, schools, and programs receive support. Properly designed funding formulas ensure educational quality, efficiency and equity.
Provincial/Territorial Funding Model
Funding Source: Combination of provincial education grants and school taxes levied by school service centres16
Property Tax Role: The Minister establishes and publishes the school tax rate each year, and school service centres are responsible for collecting school taxes on property owners within their territories.17
Funding Formula: Québec uses a student enrolment-based funding formula where base allocations are provided per student according to education…
Read moreSaskatchewan
Funding determines how resources are substantially allocated and distributed, signalling priorities in the public education system. Sources of funding, allocation formulas, and eligibility are all important considerations that determine which and how students, schools, and programs receive support. Properly designed funding formulas ensure educational quality, efficiency and equity.
Provincial/Territorial Funding Model
Funding Source: Combined provincial and property tax funding51
Property Tax Role: The provincial government sets uniform education property tax mill rates for all public school divisions, and municipalities collect these taxes from property owners and remit them to the provincial general revenue fund. The province then distributes funding to all 27 school divisions through the PreK-12 Funding Distribution Model. Separate school divisions may pass bylaws to set…
Read moreYukon
Funding determines how resources are substantially allocated and distributed, signalling priorities in the public education system. Sources of funding, allocation formulas, and eligibility are all important considerations that determine which and how students, schools, and programs receive support. Properly designed funding formulas ensure educational quality, efficiency and equity.
Provincial/Territorial Funding Model
Funding Source: Direct funding from the territory16
Property Tax Role: No data located on property tax contribution to public education
Funding Formula: There is limited official government data on the specific funding formula used to calculate public education funding in Yukon. Public education budget areas are separated by capital; and operation and maintenance. Operation and maintenance grants cover: education support services; administration and support;…
Read moreCollective bargaining shapes working conditions, compensation, and professional voices of staff groups in education, including teachers, support staff, and/or administrators. Bargaining structures influence teacher and education worker recruitment, retention and promotion, and working conditions.
Alberta
Collective bargaining shapes working conditions, compensation, and professional voices of staff groups in education, including teachers, support staff, and/or administrators. Bargaining structures influence teacher and education worker recruitment, retention and promotion, and working conditions.
Teacher Representation
Union Coverage: 100% of Alberta’s teachers and school leaders (principals and vice-principals) in public, separate, and francophone school authorities are unionized, represented by the Alberta Teachers’ Association (ATA).21
Bargaining Structure: Alberta’s Public Education Collective Bargaining Act (PECBA) legislation establishes a two-tier bargaining structure for negotiating collective agreements: Central bargaining and Local bargaining. Central bargaining focuses on…
Read moreBritish Columbia
Collective bargaining shapes working conditions, compensation, and professional voices of staff groups in education, including teachers, support staff, and/or administrators. Bargaining structures influence teacher and education worker recruitment, retention and promotion, and working conditions.
Teacher Representation
- Union Coverage: 100% of teachers in B.C.’s publicly funded schools are unionized, represented by the British Columbia Teachers’ Federation (BCTF).24
- Bargaining Structure: B.C.’s Public Education Labour Relations Act (PERLA) outlines how bargaining works between teachers – represented by the British Columbia Teachers’ Federation (BCTF) – and their employers. The legislation sets out two levels of bargaining for central and local issues. The B.C. Public School…
Manitoba
Collective bargaining shapes working conditions, compensation, and professional voices of staff groups in education, including teachers, support staff, and/or administrators. Bargaining structures influence teacher and education worker recruitment, retention and promotion, and working conditions.
Teacher Representation
Union Coverage: 100% of teachers in Manitoba’s publicly funded schools are unionized, represented by the Manitoba Teachers’ Society (MTS).18
Bargaining Structure: Manitoba’s The Public Schools Act outlines how bargaining works between teachers and employers, with The Labour Relations Act also applying to the bargaining process. The Manitoba School Boards Association acts as agent for the employers at the bargaining table, negotiating a provincial agreement with the…
Read moreNew Brunswick
Collective bargaining shapes working conditions, compensation, and professional voices of staff groups in education, including teachers, support staff, and/or administrators. Bargaining structures influence teacher and education worker recruitment, retention and promotion, and working conditions.
Teacher Representation
Union Coverage: 100% of teachers in New Brunswick’s public schools are unionized, represented by the New Brunswick Teachers’ Federation (NBTF). Teachers join the NBTF through one of two constituent professional associations: the New Brunswick Teachers’ Association (NBTA) or the Association des enseignantes et des enseignants francophones du Nouveau-Brunswick (AEFNB).19
Bargaining Structure: New Brunswick’s Public Service Labour Relations Act outlines how bargaining…
Read moreNewfoundland & Labrador
Collective bargaining shapes working conditions, compensation, and professional voices of staff groups in education, including teachers, support staff, and/or administrators. Bargaining structures influence teacher and education worker recruitment, retention and promotion, and working conditions.
Teacher Representation
Union Coverage: 100% of teachers in Newfoundland and Labrador’s publicly funded schools are unionized, represented by the Newfoundland and Labrador Teachers’ Association (NLTA)20
Bargaining Structure: Newfoundland and Labrador’s Teachers Collective Bargaining Act outlines how bargaining works between teachers and employers. The legislation establishes a centralized bargaining structure in the province. An education committee appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor in…
Read moreNorthwest Territories
Collective bargaining shapes working conditions, compensation, and professional voices of staff groups in education, including teachers, support staff, and/or administrators. Bargaining structures influence teacher and education worker recruitment, retention and promotion, and working conditions.
Teacher Representation
Union Coverage: 100% of teachers in the Northwest Territories’ (NWT) publicly funded schools are unionized, represented by the Northwest Territories Teachers’ Association (NWTTA).
Bargaining Structure: The NWT Public Service Act governs collective bargaining in the territory. There are three separate collective agreements covering educators in the NWT: one negotiated between the Government of the Northwest Territories (GNWT) Minister of Human Resources (the employer)…
Read moreNova Scotia
Collective bargaining shapes working conditions, compensation, and professional voices of staff groups in education, including teachers, support staff, and/or administrators. Bargaining structures influence teacher and education worker recruitment, retention and promotion, and working conditions.
Teacher Representation
Union Coverage: 100% of teachers in Nova Scotia’s publicly funded schools are unionized, represented by the Nova Scotia Teachers’ Union (NSTU)18
Bargaining Structure: Nova Scotia’s Teachers Collective Bargaining Act outlines how bargaining works between teachers and employers, and establishes the NSTU as the exclusive bargaining agent for teachers. The NSTU negotiates a Provincial Agreement directly with the Minister of Education and Early Childhood Development, and…
Read moreNunavut
Collective bargaining shapes working conditions, compensation, and professional voices of staff groups in education, including teachers, support staff, and/or administrators. Bargaining structures influence teacher and education worker recruitment, retention and promotion, and working conditions.
Teacher Representation
Union Coverage: 100% of teachers in Nunavut’s publicly funded schools are unionized, represented by the Nunavut Teachers’ Association (NTA)18
Bargaining Structure: Nunavut’s Public Service Act and the Nunavut Teachers’ Association Act outline how bargaining works between teachers and employers. The Government of Nunavut (represented by the Minister responsible for the Public Service Act) acts as the employer, negotiating a central collective agreement with the NTA.…
Read moreOntario
Collective bargaining shapes working conditions, compensation, and professional voices of staff groups in education, including teachers, support staff, and/or administrators. Bargaining structures influence teacher and education worker recruitment, retention and promotion, and working conditions.
Teacher Representation
Union Coverage: 100% of teachers in Ontario’s publicly funded schools are unionized, represented by four unions: Association des enseignantes et des enseignants franco-ontariens (AEFO); Ontario English Catholic Teachers’ Association (OECTA); Ontario Secondary School Teachers’ Federation (OSSTF); and the Elementary Teachers’ Federation of Ontario (ETFO).17
Bargaining Structure: Ontario’s School Boards Collective Bargaining Act establishes a two-tier legal framework…
Read morePrince Edward Island
Collective bargaining shapes working conditions, compensation, and professional voices of staff groups in education, including teachers, support staff, and/or administrators. Bargaining structures influence teacher and education worker recruitment, retention and promotion, and working conditions.
Teacher Representation
Union Coverage: 100% of teachers in PEI’s publicly funded schools are unionized, represented by the Prince Edward Island Teachers’ Federation (PEITF).20
Bargaining Structure: PEI’s Education Act outlines how bargaining works between teachers (represented by the PEITF) and their employers. PEI operates a central bargaining model where a Memorandum of Agreement is negotiated between the Education Negotiating Agency and the PEITF.21 The Education Negotiating Agency,…
Read moreQuebec
Collective bargaining shapes working conditions, compensation, and professional voices of staff groups in education, including teachers, support staff, and/or administrators. Bargaining structures influence teacher and education worker recruitment, retention and promotion, and working conditions.
Teacher Representation
Union Coverage: 100% of teachers in Québec are unionized, represented primarily by three unions: Fédération des syndicats de l’enseignement (FSE-CSQ); Fédération autonome de l’enseignement (FAE); and Québec Provincial Association of Teachers (QPAT)21
Bargaining Structure: Québec’s Act respecting the process of negotiation of the collective agreements in the public and parapublic sectors outlines how bargaining works between teachers and employers. The…
Read moreSaskatchewan
Collective bargaining shapes working conditions, compensation, and professional voices of staff groups in education, including teachers, support staff, and/or administrators. Bargaining structures influence teacher and education worker recruitment, retention and promotion, and working conditions.
Teacher Representation
Union Coverage: 100% of teachers in Saskatchewan’s publicly funded schools are unionized, represented by the Saskatchewan Teachers’ Federation (STF)21
Bargaining Structure: Saskatchewan’s Education Act and Teachers’ Federation Act outline how bargaining works between teachers and employers. The legislation sets out two levels of bargaining for provincial and local issues. The Boards of Education and Government of Saskatchewan form a bargaining committee to act as…
Read moreYukon
Collective bargaining shapes working conditions, compensation, and professional voices of staff groups in education, including teachers, support staff, and/or administrators. Bargaining structures influence teacher and education worker recruitment, retention and promotion, and working conditions.
Teacher Representation
Union Coverage: 100% of teachers in Yukon’s publicly funded schools are unionized, represented by the Yukon Association of Education Professionals (YAEP)20
Bargaining Structure: The Yukon’s Teaching Profession Act and Education Labour Relations Act outlines how bargaining works between teachers and employers. The Government of Yukon acts as the employer, negotiating a central collective agreement with the YAEP’s negotiating committee. There is no local level…
Read moreTeacher education and certification regulates entry into the teaching profession and supports ongoing professional development across the career trajectory. Requirements for preparation, licensure, and hiring can influence the quality of teachers’ interactions with students.
Alberta
Teacher education and certification regulates entry into the teaching profession and supports ongoing professional development across the career trajectory. Requirements for preparation, licensure, and hiring can influence the quality of teachers’ interactions with students.
Teacher Education Structure
Universities/Colleges Offering Teacher Education: 14 institutions offer accredited teacher certification programs including University of Alberta, University of Calgary, University of Lethbridge, Concordia University of Edmonton, The King’s University, St. Mary’s University, and Ambrose University27
Program Structures: All include extended teaching placements (~14-20 weeks)73
- 4-year Bachelor of Education (BEd) programs
- 5-year concurrent BEd (plus second Bachelor…
British Columbia
Teacher education and certification regulates entry into the teaching profession and supports ongoing professional development across the career trajectory. Requirements for preparation, licensure, and hiring can influence the quality of teachers’ interactions with students.
Teacher Education Structure
Universities/Colleges Offering Teacher Education: 9 institutions offer accredited teacher certification programs, including Thompson Rivers University, University of British Columbia, University of Victoria, Simon Fraser University, and more.29
Program Structures: All include extended teaching placements (minimum 10-week final practicum)53
- 10-month to 2-year after-degree Bachelor of Education (BEd) programs47
- 5-year concurrent/dual BEd programs48
- 5-year Indigenous…
Manitoba
Teacher education and certification regulates entry into the teaching profession and supports ongoing professional development across the career trajectory. Requirements for preparation, licensure, and hiring can influence the quality of teachers’ interactions with students.
Teacher Education Structure
Universities/Colleges Offering Teacher Education: 7 institutions offer accredited teacher certification programs, including Brandon University, University College of the North, University of Manitoba, University of Winnipeg, Université de Saint-Boniface, and Yellowquill University College
Program Structures: All include extended teaching placements (generally 24 weeks)48
- 5-year integrated program (first undergraduate teachable subject area combined with Bachelor of…
New Brunswick
Teacher education and certification regulates entry into the teaching profession and supports ongoing professional development across the career trajectory. Requirements for preparation, licensure, and hiring can influence the quality of teachers’ interactions with students.
Teacher Education Structure
Universities/Colleges Offering Teacher Education: 4 institutions offer accredited teacher certification programs, including Crandall University, St. Thomas University, University of New Brunswick (multiple campuses), and Université de Moncton26
Program Structures: All include extended teaching placements55
- 5-year concurrent Bachelor of Education (BEd)
- 10-month to 2-year after-degree BEd programs
- 4-year specialized programs, including a BEd for teaching Wabanaki…
Newfoundland & Labrador
Teacher education and certification regulates entry into the teaching profession and supports ongoing professional development across the career trajectory. Requirements for preparation, licensure, and hiring can influence the quality of teachers’ interactions with students.
Teacher Education Structure
Universities/Colleges Offering Teacher Education: Memorial University is currently the only institution offering accredited teacher certification programs in Newfoundland and Labrador28
Program Structures: All include extended teaching placements64
- 5-year Bachelor of Education (BEd) as first degree (primary/elementary), including coursework, school visit days, and one-semester internship
- 2-year BEd as second degree (primary/elementary), including coursework, school…
Northwest Territories
Teacher education and certification regulates entry into the teaching profession and supports ongoing professional development across the career trajectory. Requirements for preparation, licensure, and hiring can influence the quality of teachers’ interactions with students.
Teacher Education Structure
Universities/Colleges Offering Teacher Education: As of fall 2025, Aurora College offers a Bachelor of Education (BEd) degree which qualifies students for a teaching certificate.24
Program Structures: Aurora College’s BEd program includes two years of General Studies university credits, followed by a BEd for the third year of studies.25
Teacher Certification
Certifying Body: Department of Education, Culture and Employment’s Registrar of Teacher Certification26
…
Read moreNova Scotia
Teacher education and certification regulates entry into the teaching profession and supports ongoing professional development across the career trajectory. Requirements for preparation, licensure, and hiring can influence the quality of teachers’ interactions with students.
Teacher Education Structure
Universities/Colleges Offering Teacher Education: 5 institutions offer accredited teacher education programs in Nova Scotia, including Acadia University, Cape Breton University, St. Francis Xavier University, Mount Saint Vincent University, and L’Université Sainte-Anne29
Program Structures: All include extended teaching placements65
- 5-year Bachelor of Arts/Bachelor of Education (BEd)
- 12- to 20-month after-degree BEd programs with extended practicums
Teacher…
Read moreNunavut
Teacher education and certification regulates entry into the teaching profession and supports ongoing professional development across the career trajectory. Requirements for preparation, licensure, and hiring can influence the quality of teachers’ interactions with students.
Teacher Education Structure
Universities/Colleges Offering Teacher Education: Nunavut Arctic College provides the Nunavut Teacher Education Program (NTEP) in partnership with Memorial University of Newfoundland.27
Program Structures:63
- 5-year campus- and community-based NTEP program leads to a Bachelor of Education (BEd) from Memorial University. The first two years are delivered in Inuktut through Nunavut Arctic College and lead to eligibility for a certificate and diploma. The remaining three…
Ontario
Teacher education and certification regulates entry into the teaching profession and supports ongoing professional development across the career trajectory. Requirements for preparation, licensure, and hiring can influence the quality of teachers’ interactions with students.
Teacher Education Structure
Universities/Colleges Offering Teacher Education: 17 institutions offer accredited teacher certification programs, including Lakehead University, OISE/University of Toronto, Laurentian University, and more23
Program Structures: All include extended teaching placements (e.g., minimum 80 days)58
- 4-5 year concurrent Bachelor of Education (BEd)
- 16 month to 2 year after-degree consecutive BEd
- Alternative, OCT-regulated pathways into teaching, including a specialized…
Prince Edward Island
Teacher education and certification regulates entry into the teaching profession and supports ongoing professional development across the career trajectory. Requirements for preparation, licensure, and hiring can influence the quality of teachers’ interactions with students.
Teacher Education Structure
Universities/Colleges Offering Teacher Education: 1 institution offering accredited teacher certification program in PEI – University of Prince Edward Island26
Program Structures: 12-month consecutive Bachelor of Education (following completion of an undergraduate degree), including extended practicum placements
Teacher Certification
Certifying Body: Department of Education and Early Years, Certification and Standards Section, Office of the Registrar27
Certification…
Read moreQuebec
Teacher education and certification regulates entry into the teaching profession and supports ongoing professional development across the career trajectory. Requirements for preparation, licensure, and hiring can influence the quality of teachers’ interactions with students.
Teacher Education Structure
Universities/Colleges Offering Teacher Education: 13 institutions offer accredited teacher certification programs, including Concordia University, McGill University, University of Sherbrooke, University of Québec (multiple campuses), Bishop’s University, and more30
Program Structures: All include extended teaching placements64
- 4-year Bachelor of Education programs
- 2-year Master of Arts in Teaching and Learning program for those who already have an undergraduate…
Saskatchewan
Teacher education and certification regulates entry into the teaching profession and supports ongoing professional development across the career trajectory. Requirements for preparation, licensure, and hiring can influence the quality of teachers’ interactions with students.
Teacher Education Structure
Universities/Colleges Offering Teacher Education: Two institutions offer accredited teacher certification programs: the University of Saskatchewan and the University of Regina. Additional programs affiliated with the universities and designed for Indigenous and northern students include First Nations University of Canada Indigenous Education, the Indian Teacher Education Program, Northern Saskatchewan Indigenous Teacher Education Program, and Saskatchewan Urban Native…
Read moreYukon
Teacher education and certification regulates entry into the teaching profession and supports ongoing professional development across the career trajectory. Requirements for preparation, licensure, and hiring can influence the quality of teachers’ interactions with students.
Teacher Education Structure
Universities/Colleges Offering Teacher Education: Yukon University offers the only accredited teacher certification program in the territory26
Program Structures: All include extended teaching placements (~20 weeks)56
- 4-year Yukon Native Teacher Education Program (YNTEP) leading to a Bachelor of Education (BEd) (credentialed by University of Regina)
- 2-year after-degree Yukon Native Teacher Education Program (YNTEP) leading to a BEd (credentialed by University of Regina) …
Reporting promotes transparency and accountability by making information about the education system available to the public. Timely, accurate, and comprehensive data can support stakeholder decision-making, enable performance monitoring, and can help guide improvement efforts across jurisdictions.
Alberta
Reporting promotes transparency and accountability by making information about the education system available to the public. Timely, accurate, and comprehensive data can support stakeholder decision-making, enable performance monitoring, and can help guide improvement efforts across jurisdictions.
Public Reporting Processes
Provincial/Territorial Reporting: The Ministry publishes an annual report which includes the Minister’s Accountability Statement, an analysis of the previous years’ performance results, and financial details.34 Additionally, the Ministry publishes an annual 3-year education business plan which includes desired outcomes, key initiatives, performance measures and indicators, and budget information.35 Each year, the Ministry also publishes provincial results on the…
Read moreBritish Columbia
Reporting promotes transparency and accountability by making information about the education system available to the public. Timely, accurate, and comprehensive data can support stakeholder decision-making, enable performance monitoring, and can help guide improvement efforts across jurisdictions.
Public Reporting Processes
Provincial/Territorial Reporting: The Ministry of Education and Child Care publishes an annual Service Plan outlining strategic priorities, performance measures, and financial summaries. The ministry also maintains the Student Success online portal with a range of school data. Additionally, annual “How Are We Doing?” reports provide updates on outcomes for Indigenous students and for children and youth in care.34
Board/District Reporting: Under the Framework for…
Read moreManitoba
Reporting promotes transparency and accountability by making information about the education system available to the public. Timely, accurate, and comprehensive data can support stakeholder decision-making, enable performance monitoring, and can help guide improvement efforts across jurisdictions.
Public Reporting Processes
Provincial/Territorial Reporting: The Department of Education and Early Childhood Learning publishes an annual report which includes information on key highlights and achievements, performance measurement, and financials.37 The Department also publishes annual FRAME Reports (Financial Reporting and Accounting in Manitoba Education) which provide province-wide data on public school division revenues, expenditures, and statistical information.38 Additionally, the …
Read moreNew Brunswick
Reporting promotes transparency and accountability by making information about the education system available to the public. Timely, accurate, and comprehensive data can support stakeholder decision-making, enable performance monitoring, and can help guide improvement efforts across jurisdictions.
Public Reporting Processes
Provincial/Territorial Reporting: The Department of Education and Early Childhood Development publishes the following reports on an annual basis:
- Annual departmental report covering strategic priorities, performance outcomes, highlights, and financials33
- Annual reports on achievement addressing student performance related to provincial education plan outcomes34
- Additional statistical reports published on an annual basis include:35
- Education outline
- Drop out report
- …
Newfoundland & Labrador
Reporting promotes transparency and accountability by making information about the education system available to the public. Timely, accurate, and comprehensive data can support stakeholder decision-making, enable performance monitoring, and can help guide improvement efforts across jurisdictions.
Public Reporting Processes
Provincial/Territorial Reporting: The Department of Education publishes an annual report which includes performance reports; overview of opportunities and challenges; and financial information. The department also publishes 3-year strategic plans outlining current strategic issues and directions, as well as a range of annual education statistics. Additionally, activity plans and annual reports are publicly available from both the Teachers’ Certification Committee and…
Read moreNorthwest Territories
Reporting promotes transparency and accountability by making information about the education system available to the public. Timely, accurate, and comprehensive data can support stakeholder decision-making, enable performance monitoring, and can help guide improvement efforts across jurisdictions.
Public Reporting Processes
Provincial/Territorial Reporting: The Department of Education, Culture and Employment (ECE) publishes the Junior Kindergarten to Grade 12 (JK-12) Education System Performance Measures Technical Report, which provides a snapshot of the state of the public education system based on the Education Renewal and Innovation Framework. The report is organized into three categories – inputs, activities, and outcomes – and includes data on graduation and attendance rates;…
Read moreNova Scotia
Reporting promotes transparency and accountability by making information about the education system available to the public. Timely, accurate, and comprehensive data can support stakeholder decision-making, enable performance monitoring, and can help guide improvement efforts across jurisdictions.
Public Reporting Processes
Provincial/Territorial Reporting: The Department of Education and Early Childhood Development publishes an annual business plan, accountability report and French-language services plan outlining goals, performance measures, financials, and outcomes for the public education system. The Program of Learning Assessment for Nova Scotia (PLANS) website provides provincial assessment results and data on student achievement.
Board/District Reporting: Under the Education Act,…
Read moreNunavut
Reporting promotes transparency and accountability by making information about the education system available to the public. Timely, accurate, and comprehensive data can support stakeholder decision-making, enable performance monitoring, and can help guide improvement efforts across jurisdictions.
Public Reporting Processes
Provincial/Territorial Reporting: Nunavut’s Department of Education publishes an annual report which includes key achievements; a report on Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit (including curriculum updates); a report on language of instruction (including implementation of the bilingual education model); budget updates; and student assessments and progressions. Additional requirements for the report are listed in the Education Act.35 Some select education data (e.g. enrolment,…
Read moreOntario
Reporting promotes transparency and accountability by making information about the education system available to the public. Timely, accurate, and comprehensive data can support stakeholder decision-making, enable performance monitoring, and can help guide improvement efforts across jurisdictions.
Public Reporting Processes
Provincial/Territorial Reporting: The Ministry publishes an annual report on education which generally includes a strategic plan for next school year, outcomes from the previous school year, and interim expenditures.28
Board/District Reporting: The Director of Education reports to the Ministry and board of trustees on the effectiveness of board policies and programs; a corresponding annual report is published on school board websites alongside audited financial…
Read morePrince Edward Island
Reporting promotes transparency and accountability by making information about the education system available to the public. Timely, accurate, and comprehensive data can support stakeholder decision-making, enable performance monitoring, and can help guide improvement efforts across jurisdictions.
Public Reporting Processes
Provincial/Territorial Reporting: The Department of Education and Early Years (DEEY) publishes an annual report on education which generally includes key ongoing priorities, current initiatives across departments, and financial statements.33 The DEEY also publishes enrolment numbers each year.34
Board/District Reporting: Education authorities must submit an annual report to the Minister of Education and Early Years; annual reports for the PSB and CSLF are published on…
Read moreQuebec
Reporting promotes transparency and accountability by making information about the education system available to the public. Timely, accurate, and comprehensive data can support stakeholder decision-making, enable performance monitoring, and can help guide improvement efforts across jurisdictions.
Public Reporting Processes
Provincial/Territorial Reporting: The Ministry of Education publishes an annual management report and an annual action plan, which together provide details on educational outcomes, strategic priorities, and budget allocations.36 The Ministry also maintains an online database with regularly updated data on a number of different indicators (enrolment, graduation, school staff, etc.).37
Board/District Reporting: School service centres and school boards must adopt and…
Read moreSaskatchewan
Reporting promotes transparency and accountability by making information about the education system available to the public. Timely, accurate, and comprehensive data can support stakeholder decision-making, enable performance monitoring, and can help guide improvement efforts across jurisdictions.
Public Reporting Processes
Provincial/Territorial Reporting: The Ministry publishes an annual report presenting the ministry’s activities and results for the previous fiscal year. The Ministry also publishes an annual business plan for the following year with goals, strategies, and actions for the year ahead, aligned with overarching government priorities.36 Enrolment reports, funding manuals, and Secondary Level Statistics are also published by the Ministry on an annual basis.
Board/District…
Read moreYukon
Reporting promotes transparency and accountability by making information about the education system available to the public. Timely, accurate, and comprehensive data can support stakeholder decision-making, enable performance monitoring, and can help guide improvement efforts across jurisdictions.
Public Reporting Processes
Provincial/Territorial Reporting: The Department of Education publishes an annual report which generally includes a list of priority initiatives, an update on the state of education, and financial statements. The Department also publishes annual Yukon Wide Student Data reports and How Are We Doing reports; and monthly Yukon Public Schools Enrolment reports.32
Board/District Reporting: Both the First Nations School Board (FNSB) and the Commission scolaire francophone du…
Read moreTesting and assessment measures student learning and therefore overall system performance. As a feedback mechanism, assessment data can highlight performance gaps across students, schools, and regions; while also providing insight into whether current educational policies (e.g., about curriculum, teaching and training) are working as intended. By supporting data-informed decision-making, it plays a central role in continuous system improvement and accountability.
Alberta
Testing and assessment measures student learning and therefore overall system performance. As a feedback mechanism, assessment data can highlight performance gaps across students, schools, and regions; while also providing insight into whether current educational policies (e.g., about curriculum, teaching and training) are working as intended. By supporting data-informed decision-making, it plays a central role in continuous system improvement and accountability.
Student Assessment
Provincial/Territorial Assessments:72
- Grades K-3 Mandatory Literacy and Numeracy Screenings (mandatory screenings will be introduced for grade 4 and 5 students starting in 2026-27)42
- Grade 6 Provincial Achievement Tests (language arts, mathematics, science and social studies)
- Grade 9 Provincial Achievement Tests (language arts, mathematics, science and social studies)
- Grade 12 diploma exams for a range of core courses43
Classroom Assessment: Alberta’s Student Assessment…
Read moreBritish Columbia
Testing and assessment measures student learning and therefore overall system performance. As a feedback mechanism, assessment data can highlight performance gaps across students, schools, and regions; while also providing insight into whether current educational policies (e.g., about curriculum, teaching and training) are working as intended. By supporting data-informed decision-making, it plays a central role in continuous system improvement and accountability.
Student Assessment
Provincial/Territorial Assessments:52
- Foundational Skills Assessment (FSA) – Annual assessment of literacy and numeracy for students in grades 4 and 7
- Grade 10 Numeracy Assessment – Provincial graduation requirement assessing numeracy proficiency
- Grade 10 Literacy Assessment – Provincial graduation requirement assessing literacy proficiency
- Grade 12 Literacy Assessment – Provincial graduation requirement assessing advanced literacy skills
Classroom Assessment: B.C.’s …
Read moreManitoba
Testing and assessment measures student learning and therefore overall system performance. As a feedback mechanism, assessment data can highlight performance gaps across students, schools, and regions; while also providing insight into whether current educational policies (e.g., about curriculum, teaching and training) are working as intended. By supporting data-informed decision-making, it plays a central role in continuous system improvement and accountability.
Student Assessment
Provincial/Territorial Assessments:46
- Kindergarten: Early Development Instrument
- Grade 3 Assessment in Reading, Lecture and Numeracy
- Grade 4 Assessment in French Immersion Lecture
- Grade 7 Assessment Mathematics
- Grade 8 Assessment in Reading Comprehension and Expository Writing
- Grade 12 Provincial Tests in English Language Arts (40S), Français langue première (40S), Français langue seconde (40S), Applied Mathematics (40S)/Mathématiques appliquées (40S), Essential…
New Brunswick
Testing and assessment measures student learning and therefore overall system performance. As a feedback mechanism, assessment data can highlight performance gaps across students, schools, and regions; while also providing insight into whether current educational policies (e.g., about curriculum, teaching and training) are working as intended. By supporting data-informed decision-making, it plays a central role in continuous system improvement and accountability.
Student Assessment
Provincial/Territorial Assessments:
Anglophone districts:39
- K-2: Early Grades Literacy Assessment for English Prime and French Immersion
- Grade 4: Provincial Assessment (English Reading; Scientific Literacy)
- Grade 5: Provincial Assessment (Math; French Immersion)
- Grade 6: Provincial Assessment (Scientific Literacy; English Reading)
- Grade 7: Provincial Assessment (Math; French Immersion; French Reading)
- Grade 8: Provincial Assessment (Scientific Literacy)
- Grade 9: English…
Newfoundland & Labrador
Testing and assessment measures student learning and therefore overall system performance. As a feedback mechanism, assessment data can highlight performance gaps across students, schools, and regions; while also providing insight into whether current educational policies (e.g., about curriculum, teaching and training) are working as intended. By supporting data-informed decision-making, it plays a central role in continuous system improvement and accountability.
Student Assessment
Provincial/Territorial Assessments:63
- Grade 3 Provincial Reading and Mathematics Assessment
- Grade 6 Provincial Reading and Mathematics Assessment
- Grade 9 Provincial Reading and Mathematics Assessment
Classroom Assessment: NL Schools’ Assessment, Evaluation, and Reporting Policy sets out expectations for communicating student learning. Grades K-6 use a 4-point rating scale (4-Excellent; 3-Good; 2-Approaching; 1-Not Yet Achieving) to report on curriculum outcomes, with three…
Read moreNorthwest Territories
Testing and assessment measures student learning and therefore overall system performance. As a feedback mechanism, assessment data can highlight performance gaps across students, schools, and regions; while also providing insight into whether current educational policies (e.g., about curriculum, teaching and training) are working as intended. By supporting data-informed decision-making, it plays a central role in continuous system improvement and accountability.
Student Assessment
Provincial/Territorial Assessments: Northwest Territories (NWT) schools are phasing in B.C.’s standardized assessment, including37:
- Foundational Skills Assessment (FSA) – Annual assessment of literacy and numeracy for students in grades 4 and 7 (grade 4 phased in 2024-25; Grade 7 in subsequent years)
- Grade 10 Numeracy Assessment – Provincial graduation requirement assessing numeracy proficiency (phased in starting 2024-25)
- Grade 10 Literacy Assessment – Provincial…
Nova Scotia
Testing and assessment measures student learning and therefore overall system performance. As a feedback mechanism, assessment data can highlight performance gaps across students, schools, and regions; while also providing insight into whether current educational policies (e.g., about curriculum, teaching and training) are working as intended. By supporting data-informed decision-making, it plays a central role in continuous system improvement and accountability.
Student Assessment
Provincial/Territorial Assessments:58
- Nova Scotia Assessment: Literacy and Mathematics in Grade 3
- Nova Scotia Assessment: Reading, Writing, and Mathematics in Grade 6
- Nova Scotia Assessment: Reading, Writing, and Mathematics in Grade 8
- Nova Scotia Examinations: English 10 and Mathematics 10 (worth 20% of final grade)
Classroom Assessment: Nova Scotia’s Department of Education and Early Childhood Education outlines expectations in the Student Assessment Policy. Report cards…
Read moreNunavut
Testing and assessment measures student learning and therefore overall system performance. As a feedback mechanism, assessment data can highlight performance gaps across students, schools, and regions; while also providing insight into whether current educational policies (e.g., about curriculum, teaching and training) are working as intended. By supporting data-informed decision-making, it plays a central role in continuous system improvement and accountability.
Student Assessment
Provincial/Territorial Assessments:
- Grade 12 Alberta Diploma Examinations in select courses (administered through Alberta’s Department of Education)39
No data was located on other territory-wide assessments for Nunavut students; however, multiple sources indicate that planning is being undertaken to implement an assessment program in the future. The Progress Report on Language of Instruction Regulations and Curriculum 2024-2025 references discussions between the Language of…
Read moreOntario
Testing and assessment measures student learning and therefore overall system performance. As a feedback mechanism, assessment data can highlight performance gaps across students, schools, and regions; while also providing insight into whether current educational policies (e.g., about curriculum, teaching and training) are working as intended. By supporting data-informed decision-making, it plays a central role in continuous system improvement and accountability.
Student Assessment
Provincial/Territorial Assessments:56
- Education Quality and Accountability Office (EQAO) Grade 3 assessment for reading, writing and math
- EQAO Grade 6 assessment for reading, writing and math
- EQAO Grade 9 assessment for math
- EQAO Grade 10 Ontario Secondary School Literacy Test
Classroom Assessment: Ontario’s policy Growing success: assessment, evaluation, and reporting in Ontario schools (grades 1 to 12) outlines how teachers should report on student learning. Elementary…
Read morePrince Edward Island
Testing and assessment measures student learning and therefore overall system performance. As a feedback mechanism, assessment data can highlight performance gaps across students, schools, and regions; while also providing insight into whether current educational policies (e.g., about curriculum, teaching and training) are working as intended. By supporting data-informed decision-making, it plays a central role in continuous system improvement and accountability.
Student Assessment
Provincial/Territorial Assessments:55 PEI’s Provincial Common Assessment Program (PCAP) includes (limited recent data available on PCAP processes or results):
- Primary literacy and mathematics at the end of Grade 3
- Elementary literacy and mathematics at the end of Grade 6 (French Immersion Literacy at the end of Grade 5)
- Intermediate mathematics at the end of Grade 9
- Secondary mathematics at the end of Grade 11
Classroom Assessment: PEI’s Minister’s Directive Assessment,…
Read moreQuebec
Testing and assessment measures student learning and therefore overall system performance. As a feedback mechanism, assessment data can highlight performance gaps across students, schools, and regions; while also providing insight into whether current educational policies (e.g., about curriculum, teaching and training) are working as intended. By supporting data-informed decision-making, it plays a central role in continuous system improvement and accountability.
Student Assessment
Provincial/Territorial Assessments:63
- Grade 6 ministerial exams (mathematics; English language arts)
- Secondary IV (Grade 10) ministerial exams (history of Québec and Canada; mathematics; science and technology; applied science and technology)
- Secondary V (Grade 11) ministerial exams (English as a second language, core program; English as a second language, enriched program; French as a second language, core program; French as a second language, enriched program; English…
Saskatchewan
Testing and assessment measures student learning and therefore overall system performance. As a feedback mechanism, assessment data can highlight performance gaps across students, schools, and regions; while also providing insight into whether current educational policies (e.g., about curriculum, teaching and training) are working as intended. By supporting data-informed decision-making, it plays a central role in continuous system improvement and accountability.
Student Assessment
Provincial/Territorial Assessments:50 Saskatchewan is in the process of implementing the Saskatchewan Student Assessment (SSA) program. The program will be fully implemented by 2028-29, at which point students will participate in the following assessments:
- Grade 4 – English language arts assessment
- Grade 5 – Mathematics assessment
- Grade 7 – English language arts assessment
- Grade 9 – Mathematics assessment
- Grade 10 – English language arts assessment
Classroom…
Read moreYukon
Testing and assessment measures student learning and therefore overall system performance. As a feedback mechanism, assessment data can highlight performance gaps across students, schools, and regions; while also providing insight into whether current educational policies (e.g., about curriculum, teaching and training) are working as intended. By supporting data-informed decision-making, it plays a central role in continuous system improvement and accountability.
Student Assessment
Provincial/Territorial Assessments:36
- Kindergarten Assessments:
- Boehm Test of Basic Concepts
- Early Years Evaluation – Teacher Assessment
- Grade 4 Foundational Skills Assessment (literacy and numeracy)
- Grade 7 Foundational Skills Assessment (literacy and numeracy)
- Grade 10 Numeracy and Literacy Assessments
- Grade 12 Literacy Assessment
Classroom Assessment: Elementary and middle grade (K-9) teachers use performance descriptions to describe student learning (instead of…
Read moreCurriculum development shapes what is taught in schools and defines expectations about learning outcomes and skill development. It is closely connected to “testing and assessment” through alignment between instructional content and assessment standards, and to “teacher education and certification” by ensuring educators are prepared with the knowledge and competencies required to deliver the curriculum effectively.
Alberta
Curriculum development shapes what is taught in schools and defines expectations about learning outcomes and skill development. It is closely connected to “testing and assessment” through alignment between instructional content and assessment standards, and to “teacher education and certification” by ensuring educators are prepared with the knowledge and competencies required to deliver the curriculum effectively.
Curriculum Structure: Alberta’s curriculum is subject-based, with common components across all subjects. The components of each curriculum include: organizing ideas; guiding questions; learning outcomes; knowledge; understanding; and skills and procedures. The curriculum framework identifies opportunities where literacy, numeracy, and competencies can be developed within and across subjects. Competencies include critical thinking; communication; problem solving; collaboration; research and…
Read moreBritish Columbia
Curriculum development shapes what is taught in schools and defines expectations about learning outcomes and skill development. It is closely connected to “testing and assessment” through alignment between instructional content and assessment standards, and to “teacher education and certification” by ensuring educators are prepared with the knowledge and competencies required to deliver the curriculum effectively.
Curriculum Structure: British Columbia’s curriculum is concept-based and competency-driven, organized around a “Know-Do-Understand” model with three main elements: content (essential knowledge); curricular competencies (skills and processes); and big ideas (enduring understandings). These are underpinned by key features including core competencies (thinking; communication; personal and social) that develop across all subject areas; essential learning; and literacy and numeracy…
Read moreManitoba
Curriculum development shapes what is taught in schools and defines expectations about learning outcomes and skill development. It is closely connected to “testing and assessment” through alignment between instructional content and assessment standards, and to “teacher education and certification” by ensuring educators are prepared with the knowledge and competencies required to deliver the curriculum effectively.
Curriculum Structure: Manitoba’s curriculum is subject-based, organized by discipline and grade level. Each curriculum integrates six transdisciplinary Manitoba Global Competencies (critical thinking, citizenship, collaboration, communication, connection to self, and creativity).44 The curriculum framework also incorporates Mino-Pimatisiwin (The Good Life), an Indigenous traditional teaching that describes how the emotional, physical, mental, and spiritual parts of a person come together in…
Read moreNew Brunswick
Curriculum development shapes what is taught in schools and defines expectations about learning outcomes and skill development. It is closely connected to “testing and assessment” through alignment between instructional content and assessment standards, and to “teacher education and certification” by ensuring educators are prepared with the knowledge and competencies required to deliver the curriculum effectively.
Curriculum Structure: New Brunswick’s Anglophone curriculum is organized by learning areas (subjects) across four grade blocks (primary, elementary, middle, high school) in the Anglophone sector, and two education cycles (primary and secondary) in the Francophone sector.53 The Anglophone curriculum framework is made up of three components: vision and shared tenets (foundational principles); pedagogies and program blocks (how to teach); and dispositions, global competencies, and learning areas…
Read moreNewfoundland & Labrador
Curriculum development shapes what is taught in schools and defines expectations about learning outcomes and skill development. It is closely connected to “testing and assessment” through alignment between instructional content and assessment standards, and to “teacher education and certification” by ensuring educators are prepared with the knowledge and competencies required to deliver the curriculum effectively.
Curriculum Structure: Newfoundland and Labrador’s curriculum is organized by subject and focuses on the development of the Newfoundland and Labrador key competencies including: collaboration; communication; citizenship and sustainability; innovation, creativity, and entrepreneurship; self-awareness and self-management; critical thinking and problem-solving.47 Each course curriculum is organized into strands (areas of focus within a subject); targets (learning categories); and disciplinary…
Read moreNorthwest Territories
Curriculum development shapes what is taught in schools and defines expectations about learning outcomes and skill development. It is closely connected to “testing and assessment” through alignment between instructional content and assessment standards, and to “teacher education and certification” by ensuring educators are prepared with the knowledge and competencies required to deliver the curriculum effectively.
Curriculum Structure: The Northwest Territories (NWT) is in the process of implementing B.C.’s curriculum. B.C.’s curriculum is competency-driven and organized around a “Know-Do-Understand” model with three main elements: content (essential knowledge); curricular competencies (skills and processes); and big ideas (enduring understandings). The NWT has adapted the B.C. curriculum to fit the territorial context and ensure local Indigenous culture is integrated meaningfully. NWT-created…
Read moreNova Scotia
Curriculum development shapes what is taught in schools and defines expectations about learning outcomes and skill development. It is closely connected to “testing and assessment” through alignment between instructional content and assessment standards, and to “teacher education and certification” by ensuring educators are prepared with the knowledge and competencies required to deliver the curriculum effectively.
Curriculum Structure: Nova Scotia’s curriculum is competency-driven and organized by subject area, with a series of curriculum outcomes and indicators for each grade level. Curriculum outcomes describe what students are expected to know, do, and value at the end of the learning process; while, indicators outline evidence of learning.43 The acquisition of essential graduation competencies are emphasized throughout all curricula, including: citizenship, communication, personal-career…
Read moreNunavut
Curriculum development shapes what is taught in schools and defines expectations about learning outcomes and skill development. It is closely connected to “testing and assessment” through alignment between instructional content and assessment standards, and to “teacher education and certification” by ensuring educators are prepared with the knowledge and competencies required to deliver the curriculum effectively.
Curriculum Structure: Nunavut’s curriculum is grounded in Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit principles and organized across four integrated, cross-curricular foundations: Aulajaaqtut (physical education; wellness; health); Iqqaqqaukkaringniq (mathematics, science); Nunavusiutit (social studies); and Uqausiliriniq (Inuktut; English; arts education). Curriculum is subject-based, structured into major understandings; guiding questions; learning strands; learning concepts and contexts; and learning…
Read moreOntario
Curriculum development shapes what is taught in schools and defines expectations about learning outcomes and skill development. It is closely connected to “testing and assessment” through alignment between instructional content and assessment standards, and to “teacher education and certification” by ensuring educators are prepared with the knowledge and competencies required to deliver the curriculum effectively.
Curriculum Structure: Ontario’s curriculum in grades 1-12 is subject-based, with four main elements, including: overall and specific curriculum expectations; curriculum context; optional teaching supports; and program planning and assessment evaluation information. In Kindergarten, the curriculum is divided into four strands of learning. Learning outcomes are also outlined in relation to Indigenous education; transferable skills; and human rights, equity, and inclusivity, which includes…
Read morePrince Edward Island
Curriculum development shapes what is taught in schools and defines expectations about learning outcomes and skill development. It is closely connected to “testing and assessment” through alignment between instructional content and assessment standards, and to “teacher education and certification” by ensuring educators are prepared with the knowledge and competencies required to deliver the curriculum effectively.
Curriculum Structure: PEI’s curriculum is subject-based and organized by specific curricular outcomes for each discipline and grade level. In PEI, the updated curriculum is designed to align with the Atlantic Canada Framework for Essential Graduation Competencies developed by the Council of Atlantic Ministers of Education and Training. In addition to subject-specific curriculum outcomes, students are expected to develop six core graduation competencies which are cross-curricular in nature:…
Read moreQuebec
Curriculum development shapes what is taught in schools and defines expectations about learning outcomes and skill development. It is closely connected to “testing and assessment” through alignment between instructional content and assessment standards, and to “teacher education and certification” by ensuring educators are prepared with the knowledge and competencies required to deliver the curriculum effectively.
Curriculum Structure: The Québec Education Program (QEP) is organized around the development of cross-curricular competencies, broad areas of learning, and subject-specific learning across a range of disciplines. The QEP includes a Progression of Learning summary, detailing the essential knowledge students are meant to acquire in each respective subject and grade. The QEP for each level of schooling includes a Framework for the Evaluation of Learning, with guidance for how to evaluate student…
Read moreSaskatchewan
Curriculum development shapes what is taught in schools and defines expectations about learning outcomes and skill development. It is closely connected to “testing and assessment” through alignment between instructional content and assessment standards, and to “teacher education and certification” by ensuring educators are prepared with the knowledge and competencies required to deliver the curriculum effectively.
Curriculum Structure: Saskatchewan’s curriculum is subject- and grade-based. Each curriculum is organized by overarching core curriculum principles; and divided into broad areas of learning (lifelong learning; sense of self, community, and place; engaged citizens); cross-curricular competencies (thinking; identity and interdependence; literacies; social responsibility); and discipline-specific aims and goals. Each subject has a set of unique outcomes and indicators.40
Curriculum Development
…
Read moreYukon
Curriculum development shapes what is taught in schools and defines expectations about learning outcomes and skill development. It is closely connected to “testing and assessment” through alignment between instructional content and assessment standards, and to “teacher education and certification” by ensuring educators are prepared with the knowledge and competencies required to deliver the curriculum effectively.
Curriculum Structure: Yukon uses British Columbia’s curriculum and graduation program with adaptations to integrate Yukon First Nations ways of knowing and doing into learning.40 The Government of Yukon signed education agreements with some First Nations in the territory to support the development of Yukon-specific curriculum, including three accredited cultural camps. Courses that incorporate local First Nations culture into schools include: Residential schools, Our Stories of Residential…
Read moreEngagement with students, families, and communities integrates diverse and local perspectives into decision-making and catalyzes responsive system action. Formal structures for participation help build trust and capacity, and connect schools with local priorities and partnerships.
Alberta
Engagement with students, families, and communities integrates diverse and local perspectives into decision-making and catalyzes responsive system action. Formal structures for participation help build trust and capacity, and connect schools with local priorities and partnerships.
Student Voice
Student Trustees: Student trustees are not mandated provincially.
Student Councils: Student councils are not mandated provincially; however, they may be established within individual schools (generally secondary) and exist locally in many schools and jurisdictions. Secondary students may also be elected by their peers to serve as representatives on school councils (under the Education Act).
Provincial/Territorial Student Organizations: No data on a provincial student organization.…
Read moreBritish Columbia
Engagement with students, families, and communities integrates diverse and local perspectives into decision-making and catalyzes responsive system action. Formal structures for participation help build trust and capacity, and connect schools with local priorities and partnerships.
Student Voice
Student Trustees: Student trustees are not mandated provincially, though some school districts include student trustees on their boards with varying levels of voting rights and participation.41
Student Councils: A student council is not required in publicly-funded schools in B.C., though they are often present in secondary schools. Student councils are generally made up of elected student members to advocate for school-based issues on behalf of students. Some districts in B.C. also…
Read moreManitoba
Engagement with students, families, and communities integrates diverse and local perspectives into decision-making and catalyzes responsive system action. Formal structures for participation help build trust and capacity, and connect schools with local priorities and partnerships.
Student Voice
Student Trustees: There is no legal authority establishing student trustees under the Public Schools Act.
Student Councils: A student council is not required in publicly-funded schools in Manitoba, though they are often present in secondary schools.
Provincial/Territorial Student Organizations: The Student Advisory Council is a provincial body of appointed high school students across Manitoba. The Council advises the Minister of Education and Early Childhood Learning on issues…
Read moreNew Brunswick
Engagement with students, families, and communities integrates diverse and local perspectives into decision-making and catalyzes responsive system action. Formal structures for participation help build trust and capacity, and connect schools with local priorities and partnerships.
Student Voice
Student Trustees: Under the Education Act, each District Education Council (DEC) will have one student councillor appointed by the Minister. A student representative must also be elected by other students to sit on the Parent School Support Committee (PSSC) when the PSSC represents a secondary school.47
Student Councils: A student council is not required in public-funded schools in New Brunswick, though they are often present in secondary schools.
Provincial/Territorial Student…
Read moreNewfoundland & Labrador
Engagement with students, families, and communities integrates diverse and local perspectives into decision-making and catalyzes responsive system action. Formal structures for participation help build trust and capacity, and connect schools with local priorities and partnerships.
Student Voice
Student Trustees: Student trustees are not mandated provincially. Since the English school board was dissolved in 2023, there are no longer any trustees governing the English sector. The Conseil scolaire francophone provincial does still have an elected board and may approve for a high school student to be elected, though they are non-voting members.55 In high schools, a student representative must be elected to the school council.56
Student Councils: Student councils are not…
Read moreNorthwest Territories
Engagement with students, families, and communities integrates diverse and local perspectives into decision-making and catalyzes responsive system action. Formal structures for participation help build trust and capacity, and connect schools with local priorities and partnerships.
Student Voice
Student Trustees: Under the Education Act, NWT education bodies must “invite each principal to have a student representative from each school attend and participate in the public meetings of the education body…”48
Student Councils: A student council is not required in publicly-funded schools in the NWT, though they are often present in secondary schools.
Provincial/Territorial Student Organizations: No data on NWT student organizations
Parent and Family Engagement
School…
Read moreNova Scotia
Engagement with students, families, and communities integrates diverse and local perspectives into decision-making and catalyzes responsive system action. Formal structures for participation help build trust and capacity, and connect schools with local priorities and partnerships.
Student Voice
Student Trustees: No provincial requirement for student trustees; however, students are present on some School Advisory Councils (SACs). Regional student advisory committees were announced in 2023 to report directly to regional executive directors on student achievement, well-being, and student experiences, yet no data was located to indicate whether this has been implemented.51
Student Councils: Student councils are not provincially mandated but commonly exist in schools,…
Read moreNunavut
Engagement with students, families, and communities integrates diverse and local perspectives into decision-making and catalyzes responsive system action. Formal structures for participation help build trust and capacity, and connect schools with local priorities and partnerships.
Student Voice
Student Trustees: District Education Authorities (DEAs) and the Commission scolaire francophone du Nunavut (CSFN) must have a student representative from Grade 10, 11, or 12, elected by other students, with the same rights as other members.56
Student Councils: A student council is not required in publicly-funded schools in Nunavut, though they are often present in secondary schools.
Provincial/Territorial Student Organizations: No data on a territorial student organization; though…
Read moreOntario
Engagement with students, families, and communities integrates diverse and local perspectives into decision-making and catalyzes responsive system action. Formal structures for participation help build trust and capacity, and connect schools with local priorities and partnerships.
Student Voice
Student Trustees: Publicly-funded school boards in Ontario typically include two to three trustees, elected by students (directly or via a student council) to represent student interests in board-level decision-making. While student trustees may vote on issues, their votes are non-binding.57
Student Councils: A student council is not required in publicly-funded schools in Ontario, though they are often present in secondary and elementary schools. Student councils are generally made…
Read morePrince Edward Island
Engagement with students, families, and communities integrates diverse and local perspectives into decision-making and catalyzes responsive system action. Formal structures for participation help build trust and capacity, and connect schools with local priorities and partnerships.
Student Voice
Student Trustees: Student trustees are not mandated provincially to sit on the elected board of trustees; however, each District Advisory Council must include two high school students from within their family of schools.48
When elected school boards were reinstated in 2022, the province announced plans to work with education authorities to increase student engagement policies; however, no data was located on the implementation of this initiative.49
Student Councils: A student council…
Read moreQuebec
Engagement with students, families, and communities integrates diverse and local perspectives into decision-making and catalyzes responsive system action. Formal structures for participation help build trust and capacity, and connect schools with local priorities and partnerships.
Student Voice
Student Trustees: Each school governing board in Québec must have two seats reserved for students (when that governing board represents a school with students in secondary cycle two/grades 9-11). Student representatives are elected or appointed by the school’s student body or committee.55
Student Councils: Student committees must be formed by the principal in all secondary cycle two schools, unless the students decide not to form a committee. Students determine the operating…
Read moreSaskatchewan
Engagement with students, families, and communities integrates diverse and local perspectives into decision-making and catalyzes responsive system action. Formal structures for participation help build trust and capacity, and connect schools with local priorities and partnerships.
Student Voice
Student Trustees: Students are not mandated to sit on boards of education; however 1-2 students in Grades 10-12 are appointed to each School Community Council (where applicable).45
Student Councils: Student councils are not mandated in Saskatchewan public schools. While individual schools may establish student councils, no data was located to indicate that these are mandatory.
Provincial/Territorial Student Organizations: The Saskatchewan Youth Council was established in 2019 to…
Read moreYukon
Engagement with students, families, and communities integrates diverse and local perspectives into decision-making and catalyzes responsive system action. Formal structures for participation help build trust and capacity, and connect schools with local priorities and partnerships.
Student Voice
Student Trustees: Student trustees are not mandated in the Yukon
Student Councils: A student council is not required in publicly-funded schools in the Yukon, though they are often present in secondary schools.48
Provincial/Territorial Student Organizations: No data on a territorial student organization
Parent and Family Engagement
School Councils/Committees:
A school council is required at every Department-operated public school in the Yukon, serving as an advisory group of elected…
Read morePolicy Change Levers
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The Education 101 policy map was supported with generous insight and expertise of educators, advocates, researchers, policymakers, and partners in education across Canada. Their feedback helped to strengthen the accuracy, clarity, and framing of this resource.
Thank you to the following organizations and individuals who reviewed and contributed:
Alberta School Boards Association
Association of Canadian Deans of Education
Canadian School Boards Association
Elementary Teachers’ Federation of Ontario
Le Conseil Scolaire Acadien Provincial
Manitoba School Boards Association
New Brunswick Teachers’ Association
Ontario Public School Boards’ Association
Public School Boards’ Society of Alberta
Quebec English School Boards Association
Quebec Provincial Association of Teachers
Kevin Reimer
Saskatchewan School Boards Association
Nick Soave
Dr. Jennifer Tupper, Faculty of Education, University of Alberta
Dr. Jennifer Wallner, School of Political Studies, University of Ottawa
Thank you to Mia Travers-Hayward and Izzah Khairi who supported this project as policy consultants, and to Annie Kidder, founding Executive Director of PFE, who helped to develop and shape the Blueprints from the beginning.
Any errors or inaccuracies are entirely our own and we would like to correct them as quickly as possible! Please be in touch at [email protected].